Американская военная машина. Глубинная политика, глобальная связь ЦРУ с наркотиками и путь в Афганистан - Питер Дейл Скотт

9. Astorga, “Organized Crime,” in Bailey and Godson, Organized Crime and Democratic Governability, 63.

10. Scott, Drugs, Oil, and War, 193.

11. Elias Castillo and Peter Unsinger, “Mexican Drug Syndicates in California,” in Bailey and Godson, Organized Crime and Democratic Governability, 200.

12. Also rarely mentioned in the United States until recently was a major Mexican drug trafficker who emerged from the CIA-protected Cuban émigré community: Alberto Sicilia Falcón. Cf. Peter Dale Scott and Jonathan Marshall, Cocaine Politics: Drugs, Armies, and the CIA in Central America (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 33–34.

13. Andrew Reding, “Mexico under Salinas: A Façade of Reform,” World Policy Journal, Fall 1989, http://www.worldpolicy.org/globalrights/mexico/1989-fall-WPJ

-Salinas.html.

14. Reding, “Mexico under Salinas.” Ten years after Reding’s essay, Gutiérrez Barrios was still an éminence grise. In November 1999 he organized the come-from-behind Partido Revolucionario Institucional (PRI) primary victory of Francisco Labastida, a candidate “dogged by allegations—yet unproved—that he cut deals with drug traffickers while governor of Sinaloa, a Pacific-coast state, a decade ago” (J. Michael Waller, “The Narcostate Next Door,” Insight, December 27, 1999, http://www

.geocities.com/dmontero_trejo/Politica/The_NarcoState_Next_Door.htm). Gutiérrez Barrios’s former deputy, Manlio Fabio Beltrones Rivera, became, as governor of Sonora, the political patron of the drug lord Amado Carrillo Fuentes (New York Times, February 23, 1997).

15. Jefferson Morley, “LITEMPO: Los ojos de la CIA en Tlatelolco,” Proceso, October 1, 2006, in English as “LITEMPO: The CIA’s Eyes on Tlatelolco,” National Security Archive, http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB204/index.htm.

16. Sergio Aguayo Quezada, La Charola: Una Historia de los Servicios de Inteligencia en México (Mexico City: Grijalbo, 2001), 74–75, 84; Peter Dale Scott, Deep Politics and the Death of JFK (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1998), 104–5.

17. Scott, Deep Politics and the Death of JFK, 105, quoting from Elaine Shannon, Desperados (New York: Viking, 1988), 179.

18. Terrence E. Poppa, Drug Lord: The Life and Death of a Mexican Kingpin (Seattle: Demand Publications, 1990), 165.

19. Institute of Policy Studies, “A Tangled Web: A History of CIA Complicity in Drug International Trafficking,” Congressional Record, May 7, 1998, H2956, http://www.fas.org/irp/congress/1998_cr/980507-l.htm. Compare Aguayo Quezada, La Charola, 241.

20. Scott and Marshall, Cocaine Politics, 36; Aguayo Quezada, La Charola, 247; Peter Dale Scott, Minding the Darkness (New York: New Directions, 2000), 136.

21. Poppa, Drug Lord, 74, 166. A photo of one of these badges is reproduced at p. 74.

22. Cables from Mexico City FBI Legal Attaché Gordon McGinley to Justice Department, in Scott and Marshall, Cocaine Politics, 36.

23. Scott, Deep Politics, 105, quoting from San Diego Union, March 26, 1982.

24. Cf. Scott and Marshall, Cocaine Politics, 41: “The CIA ran the facility, he told DEA agents at one point, using DFS ‘as a cover.’” Cf. Charles Bowden, Down by the River (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2002), 148: “When he dies, Buendía is rumored to be looking at the links between the drug business, the CIA, and the contra war in Nicaragua.”

25. Scott and Marshall, Cocaine Politics, 41.

26. Scott and Marshall, Cocaine Politics, 10, 42, 56–58, 98–100.

27. “CISEN has far to go before it sheds its dark past: It was formed in the mid-1980s from the ashes of the despised Federal Security Department. . . . In CISEN’s ranks of former agents is the late master spy Fernando Gutierrez Barrios, known as the former ruling party’s keeper of dark secrets. Another original CISEN agent was Jorge Carrillo Olea, who later became governor of Morelos state but left office amid accusations linking him to organized crime. He has not been convicted” (Ricardo Sandoval, Dallas Morning News, May 27, 2003; http://www.thestate.com/mld/thestate/news/world/5951462.htm).

28. Barnard R. Thompson, “Mexico Is Collaborating with the CIA and FBI,” Mexidata.Info, January 12, 2004, http://www.mexidata.info/id117.html, citing Mexico City, Milenio, January 7, 2004.

29. Ted Galen Carpenter, “Mexico Is Becoming the Next Colombia,” Cato Institute, Foreign Policy Briefing no. 87, November 15, 2005, http://www.cato.org/pub_display.php?pub_id=5149. Cf. Ted Galen Carpenter, Bad Neighbor Policy: Washington’s Futile War on Drugs in Latin America (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003).

30. Los Angeles Times, August 17, 2006.

31. Carlos Montemayor, La Jornada, May 13, 2006; cf. The Eyeopener, Ryerson University’s independent newspaper, January 18, 2005.

32. Reuters, January 20, 2010, http://www.reuters.com/article/idUSN19153111.

33. A key event of course was the publication of Alfred W. McCoy’s The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia (New York: Harper and Row, 1972). McCoy’s copious footnotes make it clear that he interviewed such important U.S. CIA officers as Lucien Conein and William Young. My own book The War Conspiracy, published shortly before McCoy’s, was able to reveal further details of the drug traffic (including the key role of Paul Helliwell, not mentioned by McCoy until 1991). I too was helped in part by conversations with an author and former CIA officer whom I met accidentally (as I then believed) in the library at the University of California, Berkeley.

34. The best essay is by Jonathan Marshall, “CIA Assets and the Rise of the Guadalajara Connection,” in War on Drugs: Studies in the Failure of U.S. Narcotics Policy, ed. Alfred W. McCoy and Alan A. Block (Boulder, CO: Westview Press, 1992), 197–208.

35. Testimony of George Gaffney, U.S. Congress, Senate, Committee on Government Operations, Organized Crime and Illicit Traffic in Narcotics, Hearings, 88th Cong., 2nd sess. (Washington, DC: Government Printing Office, 1964; henceforward cited as Narcotics Hearings), 899. Cf. Jean-Pierre Charbonneau, The Canadian Connection (Ottawa: Optimum, 1976).

36. Lansky had been a major player in the so-called Operation Underworld of the OSS and the Office of Naval Intelligence during World War II to use information from Lucky Luciano in operations on the New York waterfront and later in Sicily (Scott, Deep Politics, 100, 145, 165). His opposite number in Mexico, the Corsican Paul Mondoloni, was likewise protected by the French government (Douglas Valentine, The Strength of the Wolf: The Secret History of America’s War on Drugs [London: Verso, 2004], 323).

37. McCoy, The Politics of Heroin in Southeast Asia, 44.

38. McCoy, The Politics of